The Judge Decision Was Attacked By Public - 816 Words

In a present case of Oscar, the judge decision was attacked by public, who has an other conviction for Oscar than the total release with no future charges. It sounds like a movie. But well organized one. â€Å" According to media monitoring company ROi Africa, the majority of social media comments during the delivery of the verdict were critical of Judge Masipa after it became evident that Pistorius would not be found guilty of murder. Judge Masipa1, who was given police protection from the beginning of the trial, was subjected to threats and personal attacks by people who disagreed with the verdict.  » Here in this case, what I find amazing that the judge is the woman and the black one in SA, she was the 2nd judge BW to be elected in 1998. She had a 51yo at this time and has a long and successful experience... as a journalist, and crime reporter for the top press agencies in her country. She covered in majority a criminals topics. Why, the so undetermined and self- respectful person, claimed by her colleagues from the press having a â€Å"reputation for fairness and decency†2 let Oscar free if this is not well organized plan, or an order from orders from superiors. â€Å"So think of this: there are no juries in South African courts. All cases are decided by judges alone. We ask around, wouldn t you rather be judged by a jury? No, they tell us, juries are far too unpredictable, but you can trust a judge. Judges, they tell us, know the law and how to apply it. Oscar s judge is aShow MoreRelatedThe Japanese American Internment Camps863 Words   |  4 Pagesoften think of horrible historical events and judge many not knowing many of those events are repeating in today’s life. I judged many people and even countries like Germany for events that ruined thousands of lives, know knowing the country I live in has done the same. The research I did linked to making connections with certain critical thinking blocks. The first Critical thinking block the Japanese-American Internment Camps fit was â€Å"Labeling†. This was because in 1942 ex president Franklin D. RooseveltRead MoreUsing Benghazi to Study Politicical and Ethical Issues Essay806 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican consulate in Benghazi, Libya was attacked. During the attack, around 150 men killed U.S. Ambassador Christopher Stevens and another diplomat. A few hours later, the CIA annex was attacked and two more were killed. At the start of the attack, news had reached the United States. Later that night and into the morning, Leon Panetta, Secretary of Defense at the time, was informed. When the president was informed, however is not known. The question of who was responsible came up quickly. WhenRead MoreCommon Law And Equity Law1360 Words   |  6 PagesAND EQUITY Introduction During the 12th and 13th century, a survey was conducted on tradition, custom and law under the common law system of England. This survey originally developed as court decisions. In England, the equity laws are developed after the creation of the common law. The analysis based on development of justice and is now used in the royal courts. This gives us the story of the 1066 when the England was attacked and concluded that there is no common law system, but the local courtRead MoreRule of Law1413 Words   |  6 PagesBasmah Elahi Rule of Law London International Programs, UG Law, Public Law Essay 2. The Rule of Law, enforced by the courts, is the ultimate controlling factor on which our constitution is based. Discuss. The rule of law is one of the fundamental principles of UK’s unwritten or uncodified constitution .The key idea of the rule of law is that the law should apply equally to all, rulers and ruled alike. This in the words of the 19-century constitution expertRead MoreEssay Case note on ahluwalia1298 Words   |  6 Pagescase was whether the use of provocation as a defense could stand as she had sufficient time to consider her action and also if it could stand as a defence to person who has suffered domestic abuse with resulted in a battered woman’s syndrome. The Crown court convicted her of Murder and rejected the defence of provocation. The court of appeal overturned the conviction and ordered a retrial. Facts On the night of May 9,1989, The appellant, who had endured 10 years of domestic abuse was attackedRead MoreThe Judicial Power Of The United States Essay1729 Words   |  7 Pages The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behaviour, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services, a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. Section 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority;--to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministersRead MoreThe Common Law System Of England1354 Words   |  6 Pagesntroduction During the 12th and 13th century, a survey was conducted on tradition, custom and law under the common law system of England. This survey originally developed as court decisions. In England, the equity laws are developed after the creation of the common law. The analysis based on development of justice and is now used in the royal courts. This gives us the story of the 1066 when the England was attacked and concluded that there is no common law system, but the local court system. ItRead MoreAnalysis Of To Kill A Mockingbird1693 Words   |  7 Pagesthe public opinion surrounding the trial. In the end, Tom Robinson is found guilty. Though Atticus had hoped to appeal the case, he never got the chance to do so because, shortly after the trial, Tom supposedly tried to run and was shot and killed. The two plot lines then intertwine when Bob Ewell, Mayella’s father, attacks Jem and Scout after their father’s allegations toward him. During the trial, Atticus insinuated that i t was not his client, Tom, who attacked Mayella, but instead it was actuallyRead MoreThe On The Hobby Lobby Ruling1040 Words   |  5 PagesT.V. and radio news stations report current events about the U.S. government almost daily, but how do these stories relate to the major government concepts in the United States? Government is the leaders of the United States who make decisions for our country. Politics is present in the way politicians act to get elected and in what the policymakers choose to work on. Democracy is the process we in the United States use to elect leaders who represent us. Contemporary democratic theories are presentRead MoreCommon Law And Equity Laws1381 Words   |  6 Pagescentury, under the common law system of England survey undertaken on tradition, custom and law in the area was originally developed as court decisions. England, the common law and equity laws are developed after the creation of the common law; the analysis based on justice launched and is n ow used in the royal courts. This gives us the story of the day capital in 1066 as the winner attacked in England and concluded that there is no common law system, but the local court system. It is called the power

Essay about Easter Island and the Environment A Warning...

Easter Island and the Environment: A Warning to the World The progression of human development has come with its costs. The environment provides an array of resources available for use or appreciation. However, changing elements of this structure such as by removing trees can bring about unintended consequences. These alterations also can cause problems that cannot be fixed by the human population and as a result the population must cope with the loss if possible. The case study here shows how a remote system can be overwhelmed and be unable to support its inhabitants where it once was able to do so. This undesirable outcome more importantly can be avoided if measures are taken to avoid overuse of resources. Ponting describes the†¦show more content†¦Few crops other than the non-intensive sweet potato gave much free time to the residents. This ample time allowed for monument building. With the extended family as the social unit, this organization and competition helped advance the society but also brought about its collapse. The stone statues, some which were aligned to astronomical positions, consumed much of the peasant labor. Without workhorse animals, the stone blocks for the statues needed to be carried by people. When the society collapsed at its peak, only half of the stone statues were completed, showing that some sudden event occurred that effected much of the population. The statue construction stopped since tree trunks were used to move the stones from the quarry to the monument sites. The once heavily forested island was quickly cleared by the construction and at that point stones could not be transported from the quarry (Ponting, 1991). The lack of trees cascaded into causing problems for other areas. Timber houses could no longer be built so residents began to live in caves. Canoes capable of traveling long distances compared to reed boats also could not be constructed due to the deforestation. Ground erosion increased, which made crop production diminish to the point where chickens were the only food sustenance for the island. This single point of food could not support the 7,000 people on the island so the population began to decline (Ponting, 1991). The living conditions continued toShow MoreRelatedM Ms Biggest Competitor1317 Words   |  6 Pagescolors. The candy factories started in standard size packs and by the 70’s moved into standard size candy boxes. In the current year and season, you will find MM’s in candy canes to small snack sizes and inside ornamental objects. The chocolate world becomes difficult to present as it becomes difficult to come up with new ideas in the candy business. As more companies release products similar to the MM’s, it will become increasingly difficult for Mars to continue to command the level of marketRead MoreThe Formation of a Global Community Essay3821 Words   |  16 PagesThroughout the past thirty years traveling tourists have had the opportunity to travel all over the world and discover a variety of different cultures. This incredible opportunity has been facilitated by the developments of tourist friendly locales all over the world in remote areas of the glob e such, Madagascar, Easter Island (off the coast of Chile), Bali, and more recently the Mentawai Islands off the coast of Sumatra in Indonesia. Travelers are finding more reasons to break off the beaten pathRead MoreDr. Vernon Sat1799 Words   |  8 Pageshad managed to convince himself that all of these thoughts were harmless, yet a part of him reeled in horror at how blasà © he thought about death. But this time was different; this wasn’t just stray thoughts. He was truly deciding whether or not this world was for him anymore. He sat squashed in his couch cushions, and ticked off a mental list of reasons. He’d recently found out that his wife had been cheating on him for the better part of a year, and that morning a folder of divorce papers came in theRead MoreSat Notes6478 Words   |  26 Pagesform is different. Try looking up are characteristic of (with the quotation marks) on Google to see how the adjectival form is used. 4. From about A.D. 700 to 1600, sculptors created nearly 1,000 colossal rock statues on the remote and tiny Easter Island. Present perfect: ENGLISH PAGE - Present Perfect Past perfect: ENGLISH PAGE - Past Perfect (E) No error 1) From is correct because it introduces a starting point in the past (A.D. 700). 2) Created is correct because the simple past focusesRead MoreCadbury an Ethical Company Struggles to Insure the Integrity of Its Supply Chain9818 Words   |  40 Pagesdemerged into â€Å"Cadbury,† a stand-alone confectionary company, and â€Å"Dr Pepper Snapple Gr oup,† an independent beverage company. âˆâ€" Slavery and the Political Economy of Cocoa From Bean to Bar in Cà ´te d’Ivoire Though chocolate today is enjoyed and produced world-wide, the confection was unknown outside of th Central America and the Caribbean before European exploration of the Western hemisphere in the 16 century. Spanish voyagers first came across chocolate when they encountered the Aztecs in the area of present-dayRead MoreCadbury an Ethical Company Struggles to Insure the Integrity of Its Supply Chain9806 Words   |  40 Pagesinto â€Å"Cadbury,† a stand-alone confectionary company, and â€Å"Dr Pepper Snapple Group,† an independent beverage company. âˆâ€" Slavery and the Political Economy of Cocoa From Bean to Bar in Cà ´te d’Ivoire Though chocolate today is enjoyed and produced world-wide, the confection was unknown outside of th Central America and the Caribbean before European exploration of the Western hemisphere in the 16 century. Spanish voyagers first came across chocolate when they encountered the Aztecs in the area of present-dayRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesThis online teaching and learning environment integrates the entire digital textbook with the most effective instructor and student resources With WileyPLUS: Students achieve concept mastery in a rich, structured environment that’s available 24/7 Instructors personalize and manage their course more effectively with assessment, assignments, grade tracking, and more manage time better study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visualRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagessources and that their ‘practical’ work is supplemented by other material as mentioned above. ââ€"  ââ€"  ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 600 600 Guide to the main focus of cases in the book Introduction to strategy Business environment: general Five forces analysis Capability analysis Corporate governance Stakeholder expectations Social responsibility Culture Competitive strategy Strategic options: directions Corporate-level strategy International strategy Innovation and EntrepreneurshipRead MoreCase Studies67624 Words   |  271 Pagesissues facing not-for-profit organisations also can be examined using the case analysis method. Basically, the case analysis method calls for a careful diagnosis of an organization’s current conditions (as manifested by its external and internal environments) so that appropriate strategic actions can be recommended in light of the firm’s strategic intent and strategic mission. Strategic actions are taken to develop and then use a firm’s core competencies to select and implement different strategiesRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagessnow, but realize there isnt any. Emilio says he has an idea: Bo il the water from the stream. When it cools, you could drink it and make breakfast and continue with your good times. Then Juanita mentions seeing a sign back in the parking lot: Warning, Giardia has been found in many streams in the area. Sorry, but we are out of sterilization tablets. Giardia is a microorganism that makes you sick, she says. You and Emilio have never heard of it. Emilio says hes willing to bet that boiling

Vestal Cult free essay sample

A vision in white surrounded by the air of purity and near divinity was the image of a Vestal virgin. These women became synonymous with the eternal existence and safety of Rome. The representation of influence, devotion, and power were characteristics of these six women who sacrificed their sexuality and family cults to serve the Goddess Vests and to profit from the advantages that such devotion earned. The life of a Vestal virgin was unlike that of any other Roman woman with her political influence and symbolic protection of the Roman state. We will write a custom essay sample on Vestal Cult or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As a central entity to ancient Rome, the Vestal Virgins chastity and legality determined the very survival of the powerful city. The Vestal Virgins became synonymous with the eternal existence and safety of the Roman state. Originating during the reign of King Annum in 71 5 BCC, the Vestals were introduced as a form Of protection to restore confidence and ensure the existence of the Roman state. They were to remain chaste for 30 years after which they had the ability to leave the priesthood but could choose to serve until her death. 1 The decades were separated into 3 parts, a dent, a practitioner, and then a teacher.With the Vestal virgins maintaining their religious duties Rome would continue to remain the foremost city in the ancient world. Above all, the significance of the cult of Vests contained the symbolic factors for which the cult represented. According to Garage-Roman tradition, the household and hearth were basic building blocks of the city -sate; both were part of the natural structuring of human society. 2 The worship of the goddess of the hearth, Vests, allowed the cult to gain a higher level of worship due to the symbolism that the burning fire represented. The flame was a symbol of the unity of Rome as a communal household with the women tending to it and keeping the flame endlessly burning. The fire was also a form of connection to the divine. 3 As a key element in ritual offerings the fire connected the mortal lives to the realm of the gods. Each temple would have had its own hearth for offerings, yet the central hearth was located in the temple of Vests to characterize Romeos unwavering strength and stability. For this matter the flame was to be forever burning or the permanence of the Roman state would be threatened. Within each home inRome was a hearth, the symbol of warmth, protection, and nourishment. Each of these hearths were initially kindled from the great hearth in the aides Vested therefore each household was linked to the central flame which created a unification of the households into the one steadfast city that was Rome. 4 Fire was the most pure of elements. The cult of Vests endured over 1000 years including three types of rule (kingship, republic, and empire), and two religious interpretations (polytheism and Christianity). In the eyes of the Romans the Vestal Virgins became a symbolic portrayal of eternity and divinity.Without the Vestals and their cult the Roman State would have existed differently, if at all. 5 Roman historian, Titus Lives, also known as Live, writes about the history of the legendary Vests that was Rhea Silvia and her fundamental role in the founding of Rome. As the only surviving daughter of King Monitor and the lone female descendant of Nanas, Rhea Silvia was given to the order of Vestals to become a virgin priestess. Her initiation into the temple of Vests was to abolish any future descents from Monitors line. Live describes this duty as an honor to her with this position but Live finishes his count with depriving her of all hopes of issue. (Live, Through the act of violation by the god of war Mars, Rhea Silvia gives birth to the mythological founders of Rome, Romulus and Reams. The connection between Rome as a founded city and the role of the vestal is evident. Rhea Silvia a Vestal priestess; the personification of virtue, piety, and protector of home and hearth and bloodline descendent from the hero Names is the mother of Rome through her son Romulus the founder.This connection to the mother seen in Rhea Silvia and the strength of Rome can be seen further in duality of he nurturing, earthen femininity in Rhea Silvia and the fire and unrehearsed. 7 The term Virgin can be used to describe a physical trait of these young women but it can also be seen as a symbolic term for the priestesses. Holt N. Parker implies that the term of a virgin is nothing more than a metaphor. TO be a virgin is to not have been penetrated by man, if the Vestal was the figurative heart of Rome, for her to be a virgin would mean that the shelter of Rome has not been penetrated by an outside force. The purity that was upheld for the 30 year servitude was critical in the connection be;en aorta and divine, in this way Vests could connected with her divine counterpart. 9 To remain a virgin was a way to prove her oath to the Roman state of her commitment, it also ensured that no familial tie could bind the priestess into political gain through her offspring. As children between the ages of six and ten, six priestesses are selected to commit a minimum of thirty years of servitude in the name of Vessel.Religious rituals were conducted throughout the year by the Vestals and many incorporated the use of purification tools to cleanse the temple. The most noted ritual was lead on the first day of the New Year wh en the Vestals renewed the life of the temple by rekindling a new fire in the aides Vestal. 10 The ritual was seen as regeneration and renewal rite to denote the discarding of the past and the emerging of the new. The Vestal rite of caption involved the removal of the girl from the familial cult but failed to complete the transfer into a cult of a new family. 1 The Vestals remained in an intermediate state of girl and women; she was neither a member of her family s cult nor was she yet a member of a ewe family cult, for this reason the Vestal Virgins always wore their hair in the sex crises style. Thus, the Vestal retained the hairstyle of virgin bride, the dress of Roman matrons, and the status of the elite. The attire of the Vestals Virgins consisted of a Stool (long dress) that was worn only by the matrons and the Vestals.It represented a detectable sign Of purity since foredoomed, prostitutes and divorced women were prohibited from wearing it. 12 In addition to their distinctive manner of dress the Vestals received privileges not offered to other women or some Romans. Some examples include the ability to make a will during their fathers life, perform daily affairs without a guardian, pardon a person being led to execution, buried inside the city, and special seating arrangements among elites to visually reinforce the publics awareness of their superior status. 3 They were responsible for the protection and the maintenance of the citys central fire within the pens of the aides Vestal. 14 Extinguished of this fire would threaten the foundation of the citys existence, the fax detour. The historical purpose, detailed requirements of selection, and public ritual participation made the Vestal Virgins an essential political function in addition to their religious role with a number of other religious tasks were performed by the Vestal Virgins and were given privileges not granted to other Roman women.They had the right to decide over their fortunes and properties once the years of servitude were completed. As a guardian of Romeos symbolic storeroom and religious substances called the pens, the priestesses were the only Romans allowed within this room and knew the exact nature of what it contained. The Vestals had the sole responsibility Of these contents and whatever they might be ere indispensable for the continuation of the Roman state. 15 Failure to accomplish their duties would result in severe consequences.Smaller offenses led to naked whippings at the hands of the Pontiffs Maximum. 16 Fests describes the method for renewing the fire connecting the cult with fertility, if the fire of Vests was ever extinguished, the virgins were beaten with whips by the Pontiffs. It was the custom for them to drill a board of favorable wood for a very long time, a virgin then bore the fire taken from this into the added in a bronze sieve (Fest. 491)17 Interpreted as both sexual and pragmatic this method of kindling a fire was the most common method among their ancestors.In the event that a Vestal was found guilty of crimes incentive, loss of virginity during a Vestals period of service, the punishment was live burial. This crime was viewed as a dire threat to the Roman state. 18 Those who were unable to uphold the duties of the Vestal Virgins were buried alive; like a fire, the quickest way to extinguish it is masking the flames with soil. The symbolic death of the Vestal Virgins was to quench their flame with earth.Only 22 cases were recorded of crimes incenses during the existence of the Vestal cult, the majority of which occurred during political turmoil. 19 The six women selected to serve as Vestal virgins engaged in a distinct role in Roman politics. The Vestals political role in maintaining Romeos influence becomes a source of accountability when the State undergoes periods of turmoil. Along with their political function and religious role in society the cult of Vests served as a scapegoat for politicians and emperors when the Roman state suffered extreme political instability.The use of live burial reassured the public that Romeos religious traditions and political strength would always be protected. 20 When Vestal were involved in transgressions of crimes incentive, harsh punishments such as live burial are necessary in the eyes of the Romans because the Vestals failed to properly protect Romeos central power source. It was a crime against tradition and the safety of Rome. Consequently every incests accusation was preceded by a mysterious omen (egg the extinguishing of the fire of the aides Vestal).Live describes a panic-ridden atmosphere in 483 BCC due to a failure of properly performing sacred rites, To add to everyones apprehension, there were prodigies from the heavens, signaling almost daily threats in both the city and countryside. Both publicly and privately, seers inspected entrails and observed the flight of birds, declaring that the reason for the divine displeasure was nothing less than that the sacred rites had not been properly performed. These fears eventually resulted in the condemnation of the Vestal Poppa for unchristian and her punishment. 22 Such turmoil was specifically linked to the Vestal cult because it was central and vital to the entire Roman state. Dionysus and Plutarch both support the idea that as Vests, who herself typified the earth, was to be regarded as the centre of the universe, so fire, which is sacred to her was placed in the centre of the City . 23 With a central role in the Roman state, the cult Of Vests was treated as guilty political scapegoats due to the entwined religious function with the hearth of the Roman state.The majority of crimes incenses cases occurred during periods of political instability. Out of 18 live burials that took place three occurred in 114 BCC. 24 The trials of the here vestals took place during the destruction of the army of C. Porcine Coat in Thrace. 25 This supports the theory that political attacks on Vestals occurred during political uproar rather than during valid religious concern among the people. In addition to representing the unfaltering ideal of Roman divinity, the Vestals reflected the aspirations of the public for a stable Roman state.At any given time there were six Vestals who might range in age from early childhood to extreme old age. The selection process of Vestals could take place in two different ways; in one the Pontiffs Maximum would follow King Mamas maniac Pain law and selected twenty girls from whom one was chosen. 26 Alternatively a man of respectable birth could offer his daughter. If the senate approved the offer she could be accepted automatically. In any case the goddess Vests had the final choice in her new priestess.The introductory rite into the cult of Vests was known as the capital. In a way that is similar to a matrons marriage rite, it differed in specific important ways. The girl is seated on her fathers lap instead of her mothers and is approached by the Pontiffs Maximum who then would seize her and take her way. The transfer from her fathers potentates to her new familys potentates in never completed, instead becoming SSI iris, freed from her fathers control but without a new male control. They became part of the state cult that belonged to all Roman families collectively. 7 There were rigorous qualifications for a prospective Vestal: she had to be between the age Of six and ten; be bare of any physical blemish or impairment; both parents still living and in the patria potentates. In addition to this her father should not have been unbound from the potentates of his father. If her grandfather were alive he would have to be in his potentates. 28 From this point on the Vestal is property of the state and under the household of the Pontiffs Maximum until the end of her 30-year term.As the head of the College of Pontiffs, the Pontiffs Maximum represented both the husband and the father figure to the Vestal. It is only the Pontiffs who has the power to not only select but to also condemn a Vestal to punishment. Through this relationship to the state as a whole, the Vestal was bound to no one and everyone at the same time. Her duties were to be matron and priestess to the nation in all rites and rituals fitting her station as household matron. As a deity of fertility, Vests was valued in mythology for her virginity and chastity alluding to a Mother-like figure.The connections to the divine in through the years of worship emphasize the desire to maintain position amongst the young priestesses. This triple image of maid, mother and deity all intricately bond the temple of Vests together though virginity, fertility, and spirituality. These elements combined created an institution was remarkably valued throughout its existence. The Women of the Vestal cult sacrificed so little but gained So much. Though a simple sacrifice of perpetual chastity the Vestal was able to empower not only herself politically and financially, but also empower the Roman Empire as a whole.

Opportunity Recognition in Entrepreneurship

Question: Discuss about the Opportunity Recognition in Entrepreneurship. Answer: Introduction The entrepreneurial individuals are success driven, and therefore, more interested in having engagement in the appropriate type of opportunity recognition for ensuring that they are successful. There is the existence of entrepreneurial scopes when individuals are having a special understanding of the values relating to scopes that are not common. When there is the requirement towards the identification of opportunity recognition, two factors are contributing to opportunity recognition that is information as well as knowledge. Novice entrepreneurs are having less amount of opportunity recognition in comparison to experienced entrepreneurs since, the latter is having the expectation of possessing higher knowledge. There is the role of alertness in opportunity recognition as a distinctive preparedness for recognizing scopes when they are available. Opportunity Recognition in Entrepreneurship Style Kashif Saleem is the founder and CEO of Perth-based Saleem Technologies. He is also the inventor of Trackem. Trackem does the tracking of the construction materials in mining, oil and gas projects as well as other large-scale engineering and works projects. It does the using of GPS technology. At one point of time, when he was working as a project manager for Construction Company there occurred a problem with beams that had gone missing. There is the requirement of having clarity to investors or co-founders. According to Kashif, he believes in the fact that customers do not know what they want and there is the requirement for adapting. There is a clarity in respect of investors or co-founders. He also feels that there is the need for finding out the target market and there is the need for evolving with the latest technological aspect. Self-efficacy is explained as the belief of an individual as well as desire for achieving in an effective way specific targets as well as tasks. The attitude of an individual will be reflecting his or her desire for perceiving probable scopes. When there is the requirement towards the identification of opportunity recognition, two factors are contributing to opportunity recognition that is information as well as knowledge (Ward 2004). Novice entrepreneurs are having less amount of opportunity recognition in comparison to experienced entrepreneurs since, the latter is having the expectation of possessing higher knowledge (Shane 2000). There is the role of alertness in opportunity recognition as a distinctive preparedness for recognizing scopes when they are available. In this context, the factors that need to be focused on are considered to be prior knowledge, specific search strategies, social networks as well as other recognition that does the determination of the level of alertness of every individual (Vaghely 2010). The major three issues that are creating individual differences for perceiving the changing aspects are shifts in clarity, richness relating to content, as well as degree of focus regarding major traits associated with the content domain (Ronstadt 2000). One more issue that is affecting the process of opportunity recognition is associated with experience. The experienced entrepreneurs will be showing higher capability for recognizing scopes in comparison to the novice entrepreneurs, because of repeated circumstances that will be increasing the knowledge base regarding same kind of scopes. The entre preneurs are processing their thoughts through two methods, viz. Systematic analysis of the facts as well as by applying the heuristics. The various cognitive biases that are having a predominance within the entrepreneurs take into consideration the aspect of being overconfident, illusion of control, as well as representations (Ramos-Rodrguez 2010). The opportunity recognition is a constant method that provides assistance relating to the pre-start-up, start-up, survival as well as development relating to a venture and therefore, it is not considered being a one-time activity in the initiation of creating a venture. On the other hand, the type of scope identified as well as used might vary along the process. Self-efficacy is considered significant in respect of entrepreneurs for not only deciding towards choosing entrepreneurship but also in their steadiness for progressing in the creation of ventures. This is referring to the experience base as well as knowledge that will be preceding the creative journey. Concerning the aspect of opportunity recognition, preparation is referring to the background as well as experience that is brought by an entrepreneur to the process (Gaglio 2001). In this phase, references are often made relating to particular problems that an individual is making an effort for solving. The sub-conscious scenario regarding incubation is highlighting the significance relating to intuition in respect of the creative method. Also, incubation is referring to the aspect of opportunity recognition method where an entrepreneur does the contemplation of an idea or a particular problem. On the other hand, it will not be referring to the conscious solving of problems or methodical evaluation (Fisher 2012). As incubation is referring to an ongoing process, insight is referring to a moment relating with recognition. In respect of opportunity recognition, three varied kinds of insights are being envisioned that might take place. Primarily, it is associated with experiencing the spontaneous or momentary identification of a business scope. Secondly, it is the situation when an individual is having the idea that will be solving the problem he/she has been taking into consideration. Thirdly, there is the representation of the moment when there occurs the availability of an idea with the help of social network (Fiet 2008). It has been found out that entrepreneurs having broader network of social contacts will be identifying more ideas as well as recognizing increasing scopes in comparison to entrepreneurs having lesser contacts. In respect of entrepreneurs, as a result, the insight phase might comprise of three varied kinds of insights. This is the phase relating to the process when analysis of insights occurs in respect of their viability. This is also considered to be the stage of verification as because it is involving research into whether an aspect is operational, also whether the entrepreneur is possessing the skills required for achieving it. In regard to the aspect of launching new ventures, evaluation is having the involvement of feasibility evaluation (Dew 2009). In this phase of the method, ideas are being tested through different types of investigation like preliminary testing of the market, analysing the financial viability as well as feedbacks from business associates. This is considered being the phase that will be testing the commitment as well as willingness of an entrepreneur for committing to the launch of a business (Corbett 2007). In this stage, the processes generally cease to be basically an individual as well as personal method and the scope is being subjected to the consideration by others. The entrepreneur is having the requirement of feedback from the knowledge experts as well as the marketplace concerning the aspect of business viability. This is the stage where there occurs the actualization of creative insights. In regard to the entrepreneurial business scope, elaboration will be representing the business planning method. In this stage, the workings out of various details are done (Chandler 2011). Kashif also feels that to become successful, there is the need for getting passionate, having faith, having an effective business model as well as being the best. Moreover, he feels its always about the execution and not only about the idea. Conclusion Opportunity recognition is the main aspect regarding entrepreneurship. Creativity is considered being a significant aspect relating to entrepreneurship. The potential entrepreneurs are required conversing more with their closed network groups in respect of recognizing the scopes. Self-efficacy as well as factors of motivation will not be influencing the aspect of opportunity recognition in any stage relating to entrepreneurs. The various cognitive biases that are having a predominance within the entrepreneurs take into consideration the aspect of being overconfident, illusion of control, as well as representations. The opportunity recognition is a constant method that provides assistance relating to the pre-start-up, start-up, survival as well as development relating to a venture and therefore, it is not considered being a one-time activity in the initiation of creating a venture. On the other hand, the type of scope identified as well as used might vary along the process. Self-effic acy is considered significant in respect of entrepreneurs for not only deciding towards choosing entrepreneurship but also in their steadiness for progressing in the creation of ventures. Reference Chandler, Gaylen N., Dawn R. DeTienne, Alexander McKelvie, and Troy V. Mumford. "Causation and effectuation processes: A validation study."Journal of business venturing26, no. 3 (2011): 375-390. Corbett, Andrew C. "Learning asymmetries and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities."Journal of Business Venturing22, no. 1 (2007): 97-118. Dew, Nicholas. "Serendipity in entrepreneurship."Organization Studies30, no. 7 (2009): 735-753. Fiet, James O., and Pankaj C. Patel. "Entrepreneurial discovery as constrained, sytematic search."Small Business Economics30, no. 3 (2008): 215-229. Fisher, Greg. "Effectuation, causation, and bricolage: a behavioral comparison of emerging theories in entrepreneurship research."Entrepreneurship theory and practice36, no. 5 (2012): 1019-1051. Gaglio, Connie Marie, and Jerome A. Katz. "The psychological basis of opportunity identification: Entrepreneurial alertness."Small business economics16, no. 2 (2001): 95-111. Ramos-Rodrguez, Antonio-Rafael, Jos-Aurelio Medina-Garrido, Jos-Daniel Lorenzo-Gmez, and Jos Ruiz-Navarro. "What you know or who you know? The role of intellectual and social capital in opportunity recognition."International Small Business Journal28, no. 6 (2010): 566-582. Ronstadt, Robert. "The corridor principle."Journal of Business Venturing3, no. 1 (1988): 31-40. Shane, Scott, and Nicos Nicolaou. "Creative personality, opportunity recognition and the tendency to start businesses: A study of their genetic predispositions."Journal of Business Venturing30, no. 3 (2015): 407-419. Shane, Scott. "Prior knowledge and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities."Organization science11, no. 4 (2000): 448-469. Vaghely, Ivan P., and Pierre-Andr Julien. "Are opportunities recognized or constructed?: An information perspective on entrepreneurial opportunity identification."Journal of Business Venturing25, no. 1 (2010): 73-86. Ward, Thomas B. "Cognition, creativity, and entrepreneurship."Journal of business venturing19, no. 2 (2004): 173-188.

Comparing and Contrasting the Significant Aspects of Machiavellis Political Philosophy Vis a Vis Those of Hobbes, Rousseau and Montesquieu

Introduction Niccolo Machiavelli was born in Florence, Italy, on May 3, 1469. He was a political philosopher and diplomat during the Renaissance period, who became famous for his political discourse â€Å"The Prince† published in 1513 that is a keystone to modern political philosophy. It is this piece of work that made him be aptly referred to as the father of modern political theory.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing and Contrasting the Significant Aspects of Machiavelli’s Political Philosophy Vis a Vis Those of Hobbes, Rousseau and Montesquieu specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay aims at bringing out the similarities and contrasts of Niccolo Machiavelli’s viewpoint with those of Hobbes, Rousseau and Montesquieu, who are also meant to be renowned philosophers. This will in turn vary the significance of their contributions towards the development of the study of political theor y. To achieve this end, I will systematically divide this paper in three sections. Firstly, I will endeavor to highlight the significant aspects of the political philosophy advocated by each of the four philosophers. Secondly, I will attempt to bring out the shared similarities and divergent perspectives between them and lastly buttress the importance of their efforts in the advancement of the field of political philosophy. Starting with Machiavelli, it is clearly evident in his manuscripts that he favored policies that would encourage self preservation tendencies of the ruling elite. He came up with strategies that would distract the subjects into focusing entirely on self advancement and aggrandizement thereby, warding off mass political activism (Machiavelli, 35-56). The Renaissance period in Italy when political standoffs were intense and violent pitting dominant states, like the Papacy, Florence, Naples, Milan and Venice, against each other inspired him to develop his theories mostly captured in â€Å"The Prince†. Machiavelli also believed that for any survival of a state, a virtuous and patriotic spirit should be engendered in its citizenry, especially in the politically active ones, and that a government is made strong by tussles triggered by open debate and participation. The adjective â€Å"Machiavellian† has been used in a derogatory way since that time as a fitting description of a cunning and a self serving politician. Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes is also widely regarded as one of the greatest political philosophers of all time. The complete expression of Hobbes’s philosophy found in his leading works ‘Lethiavan’ begins with a clearly materialistic description of human nature and knowledge. It gives a firm deterministic account of human preference and a cynical vision of the consequently natural state of human beings in the unending struggle with each other.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Hobbes, it is an attempt to break off from this state of affairs, thus we should form the commonwealth and surrender our own powers to the authority of supreme sovereignty. That is why as far as Hobbes was concerned, individual obedience to whatever form of government with the reigns of power was necessary in order to forestall the greater evil of war (Hobbes, 48-104). Jean-Jacques Rousseau Jean Jacques -Rousseau was born in Geneva on June 28, 1712. Rousseau’s most dominant work is â€Å"The Social contract† that describes the relationship of man with society. In the work, he describes the state of nature as that which lacks for morality and that is lawless. According to this philosopher, morality and politics go hand in hand, and none can be separated from the other. In this case, the lack of morality within a state results into the virtuous malfunction of that state making it loos e its right to genuinely rule over the public. Another key principle brought out by Rousseau is that of freedom and which he believes the state must preserve (Rousseau, 98). Rousseau also argues that the growth of science and art did not benefit man in any way. On the contrary, he believed that the advancement of such knowledge would only reduce the liberty of man and lead to the rise of a powerful government. According to this philosopher, such advancement brought about fear, suspicion and jealousy (Rousseau, 170). Charles de Secondat Montesquieu Another great political philosopher of high standing was Montesquieu who was regarded as the philosopher of Enlightenment. He saw autocracy and particularly despotism as a time bomb for any government exhibiting such dispositions. He was of the argument that this could be prevented only through the formation of a system whereby the various bodies practiced judicial, executive as well as the legislative power, and where these were also plac ed under the law. Montesquieu was also of the view that most laws in many countries could be made less oppressive, and in such a way, they would be not only liberal but also humane. He called for the eradication of slavery and religious discrimination which he believed should be replaced with commerce and trade (Montesquieu Lowenthal, 68). Comparison between the philosophers Having had an insight of the kind of philosophies that Machiavelli, Hobbes, Rousseau and Montesquieu advanced, we can, therefore, concur that all of them were of the same view in the establishment of a government and the maxim that should be attained by power as well as authority. In other words, each of them thought they had a remedy on how to run a successful government.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing and Contrasting the Significant Aspects of Machiavelli’s Political Philosophy Vis a Vis Those of Hobbes, Rousseau and Montesquieu specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The philosophers agreed in the nature of man and in the desire to exist in a society that was ordered and dependent. Additionally, they held the same view of man as a conniving, evil and self-centered being whose greed and individualism had to be exploited to the advantage of the ruling class. Any stark contrasts in their theories can be attributed to the different periods, ideologies and circumstances each of them was finding during the time of their existence. In the case of Niccolo Machiavelli, for example, his life was mostly based on a period of upheaval in Italy. The upheaval can be attributed and described by the unrest, failed loyalties and many battles. On the other hand, Hobbes philosophy was mainly influenced by the civil war in England. This war had more influence than any other factors to the extent that most of his famous works were war based and intended to draw a correlation between the scientific revolution of that era and t he development of politics. The three men can be seen to have far fetched influence ranging from the thirteenth century down to the eighteenth century. This has been recorded through their various highly noted vocations. Machiavelli, Hobbes, and Rousseau Montesquieu had many things in common though the word politics acted as the bridge between them. The men had differing ideas in the political arena. According to Machiavelli’s ideas, authoritarianism was the order of the day, the factor that could not merge with democracy. From their ideas, I can assert that the perfect view of a prosperous society falls amid Hobbes’s cynicism as well as Montesquieu optimism. Nowadays, it is a fact that Machiavelli, Hobbes, Rousseau and Montesquieu did not only influence, but shaped modern political theories by their views. Works Cited Hobbes,Thomas. The Leviathan. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub, 1968. Print. Machiavelli,Niccolo. The Discourses on the First Ten Books of Livy. NY: Penguin Pu b, 1984. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, Lowenthal, David. Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans Their Decline. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1999. Print. Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. On The Social Contract. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1987. Print. This essay on Comparing and Contrasting the Significant Aspects of Machiavelli’s Political Philosophy Vis a Vis Those of Hobbes, Rousseau and Montesquieu was written and submitted by user Bailee L. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Swot Analysis of Bank of America Essays

Swot Analysis of Bank of America Essays Swot Analysis of Bank of America Paper Swot Analysis of Bank of America Paper Bank of America: SWOT Analysis The Bank of America abides by a corporate philosophy that values diversity and aims to implement it on a large scale within the organization. On its websites, the bank proclaims that â€Å"work environment draws on the strength of every associate to build an atmosphere of personal and professional growth† (Bank of America Corporation 2006). To implement the goals of increasing diversity and including different types of employees in corporate environments, the Bank of America has created a number of organizations and groups. One of them is the Diversity Advisory Council, including employees from different levels who can make a difference at the organizational level. Diversity Business Councils are found in many BoA divisions, exploring issues pertaining to diversity and producing recommendations for the improvement in this area. The bank has also organized the Diversity Network that aims â€Å"to encourage and capitalize on the diversity of our associates and promote personal and professional development† (Bank of America Corporation 2006). Diversity is also promoted by various affinity groups acknowledged and supported by the bank’s management, including various racial groups, people with disabilities, gays and lesbians, bisexuals, and women. The efforts of the Bank of America to implement diversity did not go unnoticed by business publications and analytical agencies. Over the course of years, the bank has accumulated a number of rewards for its commitment to diversity practices. Among those are a Best Company for Working Mothers from Working Mother magazine, a Best Company for Diversity from DiversityInc., one out of top 100 Companies for Hispanics from Hispanic Magazine, Best Company for Latinas from LATINA Style magazine, and others. 2. Corporate Social Responsibility The Bank of America demonstrates a consistent commitment to community development. One of the examples is the Neighbourhood Excellence initiative in which the bank invests in the development of local nonprofits in different locations. The bank reports to â€Å"fund $200,000 in operating support to 2 nonprofits in each of 40 markets† (Bank of America Corporation 2006). In addition, it provides funds to leaders with significant accomplishments and student leaders. The bank partners with a number of charity and non-profit organizations to assist them in noble causes. For example, it claims to be committed to participation in disaster relief efforts nation-wide. Cooperating with HomeAid America, the Bank of America participates in the construction of homes for the poor. The organization is involved in building houses for the temporary homeless in 11 states. On January 14, 2005, the Bank of America provided â€Å"a $100,000 grant and $50,000 sponsorship† for this organization to help it forward its goals (Bank of America Corporation 2006). Another example of how the Bank of America applies the notion of Corporate Social Responsibility is the MBNA Foundation supported by the bank. It strives to support financially â€Å"education, human services, health services, and the arts† (Bank of America Corporation 2006). These community donations are distributed as grants for which any local organization can apply. The financial institution in 2004 announced the goal of $1.5 billion annual donation to corporate philanthropy over 10 years. This signifies a serious commitment to CSR, even against the background of the company’s revenues. 3. Rewards and Team Incentives The Bank of America has an extensive award program designed to inspire people to achieve company goals. Since the bank is committed to the image of a responsible company, it chose to reward employees who lead an environmentally conscious lifestyle. Each employee who lives at a distance of 90 miles or less from Boston, Charlotte, NC, and Los Angeles, will receive the amount matching a $3,000 federal tax credit for replacing one’s car with a hybrid vehicle. Anne Finucane, the bank’s Global Marketing Corporate Affairs associate, says: â€Å"†Given the size of our commuting associate base, the hybrid program expands our commitment to the environment and helps our associates to participate in making a difference while cutsting down on their commuting costs† (Drosjack 2006). Outlining the basics of its corporate compensation, the bank states that a large part of the compensation comes in incentives and bonuses, although it does not disclose exactly what proportion and the details of the bonus system. The program called Rewarding Success will provide incentives to employees receiving less than $100,000 annually. They will get a cash bonus or defer it to their retirement account if the company â€Å"meets or exceeds annual business targets† (Bank of America Corporation 2006). As to team incentives, the Bank of America does not seem to be really committed to them. The only evidence of teamwork is the existence of the Team Bank of America, but this system includes a number of teams that promote the company’s CSR goals such as environment protection, community development, and volunteer services. This network gives employees opportunities for self-expression, but there is no mention of any financial incentives included in its framework. Bibliography Bank of America Corporation. 2006. 27 Aug. 06 . Drosjack, Melissa. â€Å"Private Sector, States Promote Rewards for Hybrid Drivers.† Fox News 5 July 2006. 27 Aug. 06 .

To what extent is it accurate to describe the Soviet Union as a Essay

To what extent is it accurate to describe the Soviet Union as a totalitarian empire - Essay Example its political ideology and practices were in large part a result of the Cold War which froze Soviet society in a manner that was both â€Å"defensive† and â€Å"repressive†. For the most part revisionists argue that the characterization of the Soviet Union as a totalitarian empire was a mere matter of the West and particularly the US labeling its post-war enemy. It is submitted that there are certainly periods in Soviet history in which intermittent and often protracted reigns of terror accurately present the Soviet Union as a totalitarian empire. The Bolshevik reign of terror from 1918 -1922 under Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin’s authoritarian rule from 1922-1953 were inescapably totalitarian in nature. However, to carry over Bolshevism and Stalinism over to Communism is unfair and does not accurately depict the true nature of the Soviet Union as an empire as a whole. In other words, under Bolshevism and Stalinism, it is accurate to describe the Soviet Union as a totalitarian empire. However, in the post-Stalin era and up to the Cold War, it is largely incorrect to characterize the Soviet Union as a totalitarian empire and any such label may be largely self-serving. This paper demonstrates this conclusion by analyzing the totalitarian and revisionist debates on the issues. The theory of totalitarianism first emerged during the 1930s and the 1940s and encapsulated a Western ideology of â€Å"the total state† and was largely used to characterize the dictatorships of Hitler, Mussolini and Stalin. From the Western perspective, Hitler’s Nazi Germany and Stalin’s Communist Soviet Union epitomized the totalitarian state.

D5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

D5 - Essay Example The management style adopted is a bit informal with minimal supervision from the managers (Johnson, 2013). However, despite the obvious advantages, the company’s pay does not match the physical and manual output rendered, coupled with the long working hours of the employees (bad work/home life balance). In addition, there’s a communication disconnect between management and employees in the smaller branches, since communication is heavily centered on the big stores. There is need for improvement in management structure to curtail inefficiencies in distribution and sales sectors and promote educated personnel. The company’s market and growth opportunities lie in partnering with the 8th Wonder Brewery and distribution to sport franchises. According to Corenbleth, Glazer’s is a competitor of Silver Eagles Distributors and deals with the distribution of alcoholic beverage such as spirits, malts and wines. The company’s distribution not only covers the U.S (Texas, Mississippi, Missouri, Arizona, and Oklahoma) but other countries such as Canada. The company, which was founded in 1909, has more than 100 employees and a sales revenue of around $3.8 billion. Just like Silver Eagles Distributors, its good financial position has contributed to its low risk credit rating. However, despite the similarities, Glazer’s has a bigger distribution network and has been ranked as among one of the top 150 biggest private companies by Forbes (Corenbleth, 2011). Stanford-McIntyre states that some of the advantages of the company include the high quality of their products, effective distribution network and competitive wage structure for their employees, good work/home life balance and strong job security. However, there are some disadvantages such as the poor wage structure for sales personnel and insufficient room for career

Loud Noises Among Three different Sites Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Loud Noises Among Three different Sites - Essay Example Learning disabilities among children nowadays are very rampant. Research shows that 25 percent of fears in 2-year-olds were caused by loud noises, while only 3 percent of 12-year-olds had these fears. There are many causes of such learning disabilities. Common factors are due to stress, environment, and a lot more. In this study, we will be focusing only on the incidence learning disabilities among growing children when near to sustained loud noises. The null hypothesis for this study is: there is no significant difference of incidence of learning disabilities in growing children when near to sustained loud noises among three sites. A survey is conducted for this study. There are three sampling sites for three categories of children evaluated, (1) area where children are neat sustained loud voices, (2) area where children are rarely near loud voices and (3) children who are never near loud voices. Children evaluated for this survey ages are 1-5 years old. A checklist is done. Their responses are being evaluated and are noted. Statistical test used to this study is chi square test.

Importance of intellectual property rights

Importance of intellectual property rights IMPORTANCE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS- Intellectual property rights are accepted all over the world due to some important reasons. They were essentially recognized for the acceptations of these rights are:- Provides incentive to the individual for new creations. Providing due recognition to the creators and inventors. Ensuring the material reward for intellectual property. Ensuring the availability of the original products. For economic growth and advancement in technology sector protection of Intellectual property protection is important. They are benefited for the growth of the business in the field of technology. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW INTRODUCTION INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW Comprises of the following Laws:- The Laws relating to Trade Marks / Brands (Trade Marks Act, 1999), Property Marks The Laws relating to Copyright (Copyright Act, 1957) Artistic Work, Literary Work, Audio Video Records and Software The Laws relating to Industrial Designs (Designs Act, 2000) The Laws relating to Patents (The Patent Act, 1970) The Laws relating to Geographical Indications. The geographical Indications of (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 The Laws relating to Internet (Information Technology Act, 2000) INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT INFRINGEMENT-An intellectual property infringement is the infringement or violation of an intellectual property right. Copyright infringement- Copyright-It is a type of protection which is given to the authors of original works including literary, dramatic, and musical and certain other intellectual works, which may be published and unpublished. Copyright infringement (or copyright violation) is the use of material unauthorised that is covered by copyright law, that violates one of the copyright owners exclusive rights, such as the right to perform the copyrighted work. It is also known as copyright violation. Patent infringement- Patent-It is issued by United States Patent and Trademark Office. A patent is the right to the inventor for an invention. Patent infringement prohibition act with respect to a patented invention without permission from the patent holder. By means of the licence permission may be granted. It is also known as patent violation. Trademark A trademark gives separate identity to the goods and services to make them distinguish from the others. It protects words, names, symbols, sounds. Trademarks can be renewed for forever or as long as they are going to be used. There is no need for registration of a trademark in the U.S. Trademark infringement is a violation of the exclusive rights attaching to a trademark without the authorization of the trademark owner or any licensees. Infringement may occur when one party, the infringer, uses a trademark which is identical to a trademark owned by another party, in relation to products or services which are identical or similar to the products or services which the registration covers. An owner of a trademark may commence legal proceedings against a party which infringes its registration. It is also known as trademark violation. Objectives- To know the reasons infringement of the intellectual property rights. To know why to care about IPR? What the protection measures and provisional measures? Case related to Intellectual Property Right Infringement. Review of literature- Economic Effect of Intellectual Property Right Infringement There is a great effect of Intellectual Property Right Infringement .U.S companies suffer losses in recent years because their Intellectual Property Rights (trademarks, copyrights and patents) are not properly protected abroad. International Trade Commission data is collected from 244 US firms and the data is used to study economic effect of foreign infringement of US intellectual property rights in five sectors of industry. The profit and losses of US suppliers is much as compared to total profits, this implies that the losses are greater than the profits earned by suppliers who are infringing on rights, but that the losses may be least than the benefits to infringers and consumers. From Research it is pointed out that research results suggest that Lessing profits lost to infringers by one percent would require significant increases in identification and enforcement costs. RESEARCH METHODOLGY- TYPES OF DATA USED-Secondary data SOURCES OF SECONDARY DATA- Data is collected from the journals, Newspapers, Internet CAUSES OF INFRINGEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS INFRINGEMENT Too much cost of Research and development. Globalisation Litigation delays in implementing ip rights and award of damages Software piracy WHY CARE ABOUT IPR- Patents are benefit to the owner of the IP and it add importance to industrial as well as business concerns , discoveries and provide incentives for private sector investment into their development. They all should have separate Research and development center. Globalization and advancement of technology has played an important role in intellectual property protection for small and medium sized enterprises. The intangible nature of intellectual property creates challenges for those businesses, to protect their inventions, brands, and business in foreign markets. Intellectual property protection is necessary to the success of biotechnology companies. For these companies, the patent system serves to encourage them for the development of new medicines and diagnostics for treatment and monitoring diseases, and agricultural products. HOW TO OBTAIN INFORMATION ABOUT INFRINGEMENT OF TRADE MARK / COPYRIGHT The best way to get information about the piracy of trade mark / copyright is companies marketing strategies. The best alternative is engagement of detective agencies on contractual basis, which have their own other network. By surveys in major metropolitan cities of India, the information can be obtained about the infringement / piracy of goods and these surveys will lead to and result in the identification of manufacturing, go downs, distribution network. JUDICIAL SYSTEM IN INDIA The Indian judicial system is independent from executive / government and it is creation of Constitution of India. It is mandatory to obey the orders of the Courts in India by Central State Governments and any non-compliance of the order of the courts are taken as very serious and that may result in the fine and / or imprisonment. In India High Court and Supreme Court judgments has the force of the law. Even in the world the Indian Judicial System is one of the best legal systems which have codified laws and established procedures. REMEDIES AVAILABLE UNDER INDIAN LAWS CIVIL REMEDIES Injunction/ stay against the use of trade Damages can be claimed Accounts and handing over of profits For custody there is appointment of local commissioner/infringing material sealing. Under order 39 rule 1 2 of the CPC the application is filed. CRIMINAL REMEDIES Before the chief judicial magistrate the complaint is filed. Evidence of the infringement of the IPR. Under sec. 93/94 the application is filed. Search of infringing material is done by Police as per orders and directions given by the court. Lodging of fir and search under section. 156 of the criminal procedure code, 1973. JURISDICTION FOR FILING CIVIL / CRIMINAL LITIGATION Civil Cases- The jurisdiction for filing in a civil suit will include given facts and fulfillment of given conditions:- From where the cause of action has occrued? Where the violations of IPRs are taking place? Where the defendants work for gain? Trade Marks Act, 1999, it provides an exception, to registered trade mark and the registered Trade Mark owner can file a case with in court, from where the holder is carrying its business. The jurisdiction for filing a case depends on the activities of the defendants. There is no need to file a suit in different courts separately. PROTECTION AGAINST INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS INFRINGEMENT The infringement of intellectual property rights (IPRs) are by administrative procedures and legal proceedings. In civil liabilities, the infringer may ordered to stop the violated activities, eradicate the damage done, make public apologies and compensate for all the damages. In administrative measures, they include warnings in order to stop the violating activities, fines, and compensation for damages made. The interested parties go for mediation, when there is IPR infringement dispute arises. If mediation failed, or interested parties refused to abide by the outcome of mediation, legal proceedings may be instituted with peoples court. The interested parties may also request the relevant administrative authorities for actions. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS When an IPR infringement dispute arises, the infringed party may institute legal proceedings directly with the peoples court at the place where infringing activity takes place If an interested party finds that due to emergency or by any delay in stop the infringing activities may cause damages to his/her rights, he may, before instituting legal proceedings, request the peoples court to freeze the assets of the infringer. The peoples court will see to it that the infringer, if the infringer is convicted, he will be made to bear civil liabilities for the infringing act. The infringer will be prosecuted for his criminal liabilities where the case is so serious to constitute a crime. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES (a) Information and Proof to be Submitted When infringement of IPR dispute rises, the interested may request the administrative authorities and above at the place of the infringers domicile In order to make the request to the administration authorities, the interested party should have to submit a written proof of his right and evidence of the infringing act. (b) Processing by Administrative Authorities It is the duty of the administrative authorities to handle the dispute and they have to make decision whether the complaint will be processed within 15 days upon receipt of the request and they have to tell their decision to applicant. If the decision is negative, a written will be given to the applicant and if the decision given by the administration authorities is negative than the applicant will given an explanation in written form within 7 days. (c) Calculation of Compensation On the request of the applicant, the competent administrative may order the infringer to pay for damages? For infringing of copyright, the compensation amount is calculated according to the direct damages caused by the infringement and reasonable fees incurred by the copyright holder in investigating and stopping the infringing act. For infringing of trademark, the compensation amount is calculated on the basis of profits gained by the infringer through the infringement during the infringement period or the damages suffered by the infringed party during the infringement period. For infringing of patent, the amount of compensation is calculated according to the damages suffered by the patentee or the profit which is gained by the infringer through the infringement. Where it is difficult to determine the damages suffered by the patentee. It is also difficult to calculate that how much profit is earned by the infringer, royalty amount of patent may used as per calculation. (d) Dissatisfaction with Administrative Punishment Decisions Instituting administrative proceedings If the interested party is not satisfied with the punishment made by the administrative authorities than within 3 months from the receipt of the notification of decision, and apply to the local government or administrative securities at higher level for reconsideration of the decision. Instituting administrative reconsideration Within 10 days, the authorities should have to decide whether to handle the case or not. If the interested party is satisfied than within 2 months for reconsideration, a decision should be made on that basis. If the interested party is not satisfied with the decision on reconsideration than within the 15 days after the receivable of the notification of the decision, institute administrative proceedings with the peoples court. EFECTIVENESS OF LEGAL ACTION AGAINST INFRINGEMENT PIRACY It is practically very difficult to completely prevent piracy / infringement / violation of intellectual property rights as we know India is a very large country in geographical terms and densely populated country. There are own advantages and limitations of civil and criminal legal actions. Mostly piracy in India takes place in small scale industries, unorganized sector A separate suit has to be filed against each and every company / firm / individual in civil suits, which are filed against infringements, as the infringement by each pirate will amount a new cause of action, separate suits have to be filed against each of them. As compare to criminal remedies the civil remedies are easier. Due to publicity, campaigning the effectiveness of criminal remedies is more as compared to civil remedies. Any criminal action / prosecution is treated as a social stigma in India which leads to condemnation by the society. PROVISIONAL MEASURES The judicial authorities shall have the authority to order promptly and effectively provisional measures: to prevent an infringement of intellectual property rights from occurring, and in order to prevent the entry into the channels of commerce in their jurisdiction of goods, including imported goods immediately after customs clearance To preserve supportive evidence in regard to the IPR infringement. It is the right provided to the judicial the applicant has to give supportive evidences in order to satisfy themselves, and to order the applicant to provide a security or equivalent assurance which is sufficient to protect the defendant and to prevent abuse. The applicant needs to supply other necessary information for the identification of the goods concerned by the authority. If judicial authorities found that there has no infringement or there is no any threat of infringement of an intellectual property right, the judicial authorities has right that upon request of the defendant the applicant should have to provide compensation for any injury, damages to the defendant. REGISTRATION OF IPR IS NECESSARY OR NOT ot necessary in the case of Trade Marks Copyrights Yes, necessary in the case of Patent Industrial Design Geographical Indication REGISTRATION OF IPR CAN BE CANCELLED OR REVOKED? Yes If Fraud If there is Misrepresentation Against the rights of opponent If it is registered by the registrar by error. Registration is prohibit under some law Registration against public policy CASES- PIRACY RACKET UTV software and communications, producers of the film `Whats Your Raashee? has demanded a compensation of Rs 50 crore each from Adlabs Films Limited and UFO movies for piracy and infringement of copyright. It was movie of Ashutosh Gowariker and its masterprint was stolen from Adlabs .UTV send notice to Adlabs as the masterprint of the movie copied by illegal means. And it was sold to persons who done business of piracy. It caused a large damage. Stolen of masterprint was not an easy task, this was possible only by the help of some highly-placed persons which may be the employee of Adlabs. Only a highly authority person can get the prints and can made copies. UFO movies employee Rajesh Chowdhry was arrested in the piracy of the movie `Aage Se Right. This shows that the security system is not good and it does not provide any solid protection. The social service branch arrested two more employees of two private companies their names were Neerav Shah, he was the manager of Reliance big pictures and other one name was Nagda Kalapi , he was the head of overseas distribution of Shemaroo pictures. They both get a benefit of Rs 35,000 to 50,000 per film as per the inquiry done by police. IPR INFRINGEMENT REMEDIES IN USA The Brand owners which are settled outside USA faces IPR infringement within the United States. Most of the Europe brand owner mistook that the remedy to IPR infringement is only civil and criminal remedies are seldom used. Which is not so. US use many a remedies to deal with IPR infringement cases. Victim brand owners faces criminal remedy many a times in United States and this is true that many states deals much better with IPR violation remedy as compare to federal agencies. State prosecution requires much less investigations resources and results come faster as compare to other remedy used. To defend for your brand in US one need to register ones trademark with States Patent and Trademark Office, along with this it needs registration internationally and with USPTO too. Once an infringer is suspected it is given with a cease and desist notice which is another useful criteria. In this notice description should be there duly that verifies that the product was really infringed. As evidence the product that is purchased by the infringer should be produced. There are two main ways of prosecution in US. federal prosecution state prosecution Penalty is sometime higher in federal prosecution and sometime the same for both the prosecutions. During the investigation time it is the practice of infringer that he continues to flood the market with counterfeit merchandise .It costs as loss to the brand. So the prosecution should take less investigation time for the sake of brand owner and most of the time state prosecution takes much less time as compare to federal prosecution. Conclusion The Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) has social, economic, technological and political impacts. Rapid technology, globalisation and fierce competitions leading to protect the innovations from violations by the help of IPR such as patents, trademarks, service marks, industrial design registration, copy rights and trade secrets. But still there is infringement of Intellectual Property Rights. The Government is also taking measures to prevent them. There are laws regarding the prevention of Intellectual Property Rights Infringement. BIBLIOGRAPHY P Dalmia from IP IT Laws DivisionVaish Associates Advocates http://iprinvestigators.com/opinion1.html http://www.osec.doc.gov/ogc/occic/ipr.htm http://www.legalserviceindia.com/articles/ip.htm http://www.hktdc.com/info/mi/a/bgcn/en/1X002MHP/1/Guide-to-Doing-Business-in-China/8-3-Protection-Against-Intellectual-Property-Rights-Infringement.htm http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/city/mumbai/Piracy-racket-Producers-seek-Rs-100-cr-in-damages/articleshow/5048906.cms http://www.xing.com/net/markenrecht/general-343444/ipr-infringement-remedies-in-the-usa-18851544/18851544/

Longer School Days Essay -- Education School Teaching Essays

Longer School Days Schools are so much a part of our society, so the accurate length of school days is extremely important. Public opinions on the length of the school days are different. There are a lot of parents and professors concerned that it is hard for children to go to school early in the morning and stay there the whole day. On the other side, some professors try to force students into a nine hour school day. Not so many years ago, school was a main part of my life, and the school days’ structure and length affected my social life and ability to study. From my own experience and some studies that I have seen, students benefit if school days are long. Lengthened school days help to create a supportive environment for studying. After school, it is difficult for children to concentrate on homework. Many children’s homes are too crowded, and they are usually distracted by parents, friends, TV, or games. There are many other interesting things that they can do out of school, so students forget about what their teachers told them to study. Also, parents cannot help too much with their homework and only waste children’s time or give incorrect answers. My father tried to help me with a math course. I could not understand his explanations, because he was not a professional tutor. Finally, he confused me even more, and I had to make an appointment with my math teacher. In contrast, if children do their homework in school, there are fewer people and objects that distract their attention. Teachers and other hardworking students offer encouragement. At school, children have access to tutors and teacher’s aids. There is always somebody who can help to complete their homework and answer questions. ... ...e adults get an opportunity to find full-time work. In this case, the tax base could increase, and welfare obligations could decrease. Most importantly, students would get better knowledge that they would be able to apply in the future. There are many opinions and studies about reforming school days. Some people are concerned that longer school days would bring more difficulties. However, there are numerous studies and practical examples that prove that we improve students’ performance by lengthening school days. Finally, the economy and our society will benefit from expanding school days. Works Cited Brett, Jennifer. â€Å"8 to 5 Some Educators Like Barnes’ Latest Plan to Improve Schools by Lengthening the Day.† The Atlanta Journal – Constitution 30 Nov 2000: F1+. Madison, Alta. â€Å"In School: Every Day, Year - Round?† New York Times 14 Jan 2001: 16.

Carrie Chapter Ten

She put the dress on for the first time on the morning of May 27, in her room. She had bought a special brassiere to go with it, which gave her breasts the proper uplift (not that they actually needed it) but left their top halves uncovered. Wearing it gave her a weird, dreamy feeling that was half shame and half defiant excitement. The dress itself was nearly floor-length. The skirt was loose, but the waist was snug, the material rich and unfamiliar against her skin, which was used only to cotton and wool. The hang of it seemed to be right – or would be, with the new shoes. She slipped them on, adjusted the neckline, and went to the window. She could see only a maddening ghost image of herself, but everything seemed to be right. Maybe later she could†¦ The door swung open behind her with only a soft snick of the latch, and Carrie turned to look at her mother. She was dressed for work, wearing her white sweater and holding her black pocketbook in one hand. In the other she was holding Daddy Ralph's Bible. They looked at each other. Hardly conscious of it, Carrie felt her back straighten until she stood straight in the patch of early spring sunshine that fell through the window. ‘Red,' Momma murmured. ‘I might have known it would be red.' Carrie said nothing. ‘I can see your dirtypillows. Everyone will. They'll be looking at your body. The Book says-‘ ‘Those are my breasts, Momma. Every woman has them.' ‘Take of that dress,' Momma said. ‘No.' ‘Take it of, Carrie. We'll go down and bum it in the incinerator together, and then pray for forgiveness. We'll do penance.' Her eyes began to sparkle with the strange disconnected zeal that came over her at events which she considered to be tests of faith. ‘I'll stay home from work and you'll stay home from school. We'll pray. We'll ask for a sign. We'll get us down on our knees and ask for the Pentecostal Fire.' ‘No, Momma.' Her mother reached up and pinched her own face. It left a red mark. She looked to Carrie for reaction, saw none, hooked her right hand into claws and ripped it across her own cheek, bringing thin blood. She whined and rocked back on her heels. Her eyes glowed with exultation. ‘Stop hurting yourself, Momma. That's not going to make me stop either.' Momma screamed. She made her right hand a fist and struck herself in the mouth, bringing blood. She dabbled her fingers in it, looked at it dreamily, and daubed a spot on the cover of the Bible. ‘Washed in the Blood of the Lamb,' she whispered. ‘Many times. Many times he and-‘ ‘Go away, Momma.' She looked up at Carrie, her eyes glowing. There was a terrifying expression of righteous anger graven on her face. ‘The Lord is not mocked,' she whispered. ‘Be sure your sin will find you out. Burn it, Carrie! Cast that devil's red from you and burn it! Burn it! Burn it!' The door slammed open by itself. ‘Go away, Momma.' Momma smiled. Her bloody mouth made the smile grotesque, twisted. ‘As Jezebel fell from the tower, let it be with you,' she said. ‘And the dogs came and licked up the blood. It's in the Bible! It's-‘ Her feet began to slip along the floor and she looked down at them, bewildered. The wood might have turned to ice. ‘Stop that!' She screamed. She was in the hall now. She caught the doorjamb and held on for a moment; then her fingers were torn loose, seemingly by nothing. ‘I love you, Momma,' Carrie said steadily. ‘I'm sorry.' She envisioned the door swinging shut, and the door did just that, as if moved by a light breeze. Carefully, so as not to hurt her, she disengaged the mental hands she had pushed her mother with. A moment later, Margaret was pounding on the door. Carrie held it shut, her lips trembling. ‘There's going to be a judgment!' Margaret White raved. ‘I wash my hands of it! I tried!' ‘Pilate said that,' Carrie murmured. Her mother went away. A minute later Carrie saw her go down the walk and cross the street on her way to work. ‘Momma,' she said softly, and put her forehead on the glass. From The Shadow Exploded (p. 129): Before turning to a more detailed analysis of Prom Night itself, it might be well to sum up what we know of Carrie White the person. We know that Carrie was the victim of her mother's religious mania. We know that she possessed a latent telekinetic talent, commonly referred to as TK. We know that this led ‘wild talent' is really a hereditary trait, produced by a gene that is usually recessive, if present at all. We suspect that the TK ability may be glandular in nature. We know that Carrie produced at least one demonstration of her ability as a small girl when she was put into an extreme situation of guilt and stress. We know that a second extreme situation of guilt and stress arose from a shower-room hazing incident. It has been theorized (especially by W.G. Throneberry and Julia Givens, Berkeley) that resurgence of the TK ability at this point was caused by both psychological factors (i.e. the reaction of the other girls and Carrie herself to their first menstrual period) and physiological factors (i.e., the advent of puberty). And finally, we know that on Prom Night, a third sum situation arose, causing the terrible events which we now must begin to discuss. We will begin with †¦ (i am not nervous not a bit nervous) Tommy had called earlier with her corsage, and now she was pinning it to the shoulder of her gown herself. There was no momma, of course, to do it for her and make sure it was in the right place, Momma had locked herself in the chapel and had been in there for the last two hours, praying hysterically. Her voice rose and fen in frightening, incoherent cycles. (I'm sorry momma but I can't be sorry) When she had it fixed to her satisfaction, she dropped her hands and stood quietly for a moment with her eyes closed. There was no full-length mirror in the house. (vanity vanity all is vanity) but she thought she was all. right. She had to be. She- She opened her eyes again. The Black Forest cuckoo clock, bought with Green Stamps, said seven-ten. (he'll be here in twenty minutes) Would he? Maybe it was all just an elaborate joke, the final crusher, the ultimate punch line. To leave her sitting here half the night in her crushed-velvet prom gown with its princess waistline, juliet sleeves and simple straight skirt – and her tea roses pinned to her left shoulder. From the other room, on the rise now; ‘. . . in hallowed earth! We know thou bring'st the Eye That Watcheth, the hideous three-lobbed eye, and the sound of black trumpets. We most heartily repent-‘ Carrie did not think anyone could understand the brute courage it had taken to reconcile herself to this, to leave herself open to whatever fearsome possibilities the night might realize. Being stood up could hardly be the worst of them. In fact, in a kind of sneaking, wishful way she thought it might be for the best if (no stop that) Of course it would be easier to stay here with Momma. Safer. She knew what They thought of Momma. Well, maybe Momma was a fanatic, a freak, but at least she was predictable, the house was predictable. She never came home to laughing, shrieking girls who threw things. And if he didn't come, if she drew back and gave up? High school would be over in a month. Then what? A creeping. subterranean existence in this house, supported by Momma, watching game shows and soap operas all day on television at Mrs Garrison's house when she had Carrie In To Visit (Mrs Garrison was eighty-six), walking down to the Centre to get a malted after supper at the Kelly Fruit when it was deserted, getting fatter, losing hope, losing even the power to think? No. Oh dear God, please no. (please let it be a happy ending) ‘-protect us from he with the split foot who waits in the alleys and in the parking lots of roadhouses, O Saviour-‘ Seven twenty-five. Restlessly, without thinking she began to lift objects with her mind and put them back down, the way a nervous woman awaiting someone in a restaurant will fold and unfold her napkin. She could dangle half a dozen objects in air at one time, and not a sign of tiredness or headache. She kept waiting for the power to abate, but it remained at high water with no sign of waning. The other night on her way home from school, she had rolled a parked car (oh please god let it not be a joke) twenty feet down the main street curb with no strain at all. The courthouse idlers had stared at it as if their eyes would pop out, and of course she stared too, but she was smiling inside. The cuckoo popped out of the clock and spoke once. Seven-thirty. She had grown a little wary of the terrific strain using the power seemed to put on her heart and lungs and internal thermostat. she suspected it would be all too possible for her heart to literally burst with the strain. It was like being in another's body and forcing her to run and run and run. You would not pay the cost yourself; the other body would. She was beginning to realize that her power was perhaps not so different from the powers of Indian fakirs, who stroll across hot coals, run needles into their eyes, or blithely bury themselves for periods up to six weeks. Mind over matter in any form is a terrific drain on the body's resources. Seven thirty-two. (he's not coming) (don't think about it a watched pot doesn't boil hell Come) (no he won't he's out laughing at you with his friends and after a little bit they'll drive by in one of their fast noisy cars laughing and hooting and yelling) Miserably, she began lifting the sewing machine up and down, swinging it in widening arcs throught the air. ‘-and protect us also from rebellious daughters imbued with the willfulness of the Wicked One-‘ ‘Shut up!' Carrie screamed suddenly. There was startled silence for a moment, and then the babbling chant began again. Seven thirty-three. Not coming (then i'll wreck the house) The thought came to her naturally and cleanly. First the sewing machine, driven through the living room wall. The couch through a window. Tables, chairs, books and tracts all flying, the plumbing ripped loose and still spurting, like arteries ripped free of flesh. The roof itself, if that were within her power, shingles exploding upward into the night like startled pigeons Lights splashed gaudily across the window. Other cars had gone by, making her heart leap a little, but this one was going much more slowly. (O) She ran to the window, unable to restrain herself, and it was him, Tommy, just climbing out of his car, and even under the street light he was handsome and alive and almost †¦ crackling. The odd word made her want to giggle. Momma had stopped praying. She grabbed her fight silken wrap from where it had lain across the back of her chair and put it around her bare shoulders. She bit her lip, touched her hair, and would have sold her soul for a mirror. The buzzer in the hall made its harsh cry. She made herself wait, controlling the twitch in her hands, for the second buzz Then she went slowly, with silken swish. She opened the door and he was there, nearly blinding in white dinner jacket and dark dress pants. They looked at each other, and neither said a word. She felt that her heart would break if he uttered so much as the wrong sound, and if he laughed she would die. She felt -actually, physically-her whole miserable life narrow to a point that might be an end or the beginning of a widening beam. Finally, helpless, she said: ‘Do you like me?' He said: ‘You're beautiful.' She was. From The Shadow Exploded (p. 131): While those going to the Ewen Spring Ball were gathering at the high school or just leaving pre-Prom buffets, Christine Hargensen and William Nolan had met in a room above a local town-limits tavern called The Cavalier. We know that they had been meeting there for some time; that is in the records of the White Commission. What we don't know is whether their plans were complete and irrevocable or if they went ahead almost on whim †¦ ‘Is it time yet?' She asked him in the darkness. He looked at his watch. ‘No.' Faintly, through the board floor, came the thump of the juke playing She's Got To Be a Saint, by Ray Price. The Cavalier, Chris reflected, hadn't changed their records since the first time she'd been there with a forged ID two years ago. Of course then she'd been down in the taprooms, not on one of Sam, Deveaux's ‘specials.' Billy's cigarette winked fitfully in the dark, like the eye of an uneasy demon. She watched it introspectively. She hadn't let him sleep with her until last Monday, when he had promised that he and his greaser friends would help her pull the string on Carrie White if she actually dared to go to the Prom with Tommy Ross. But they had been here before, and had had some pretty hot necking going on – what she thought of as Scotch love and what he would call, in his unfailing ability to pinpoint the vulgar the – dry humps. She had meant to make him wait until he had actually done something, (but of course he did he got the blood) but it had all begun to slip out of her hands, and it made heir uneasy. If she had not given in willingly on Monday, he would have taken her, by force. Billy had not been her first lover, but he was the first she could not dance and dandle at her whim. Before him her boys had been clever marionettes with clear, pimple-free faces and parents with connections and country-club memberships. They drove their own VWs or Javelins or Dodge Chargers. They went to UMass or Boston College. They wore fraternity windbreakers in the fall and muscle-shirts with bright stripes in the summer. They smoked marijuana a great deal and talked about the funny things that happened to them when they were wrecked. They began by treating her with patronizing good fellowship (all high school girls, no matter how good-looking, were Bush League) and always ended up trotting after her with panting, doglike lust. If they trotted long enough and spent enough in the Process she usually let them go to bed with her. Quite often she lay passively beneath them, not helping or hindering, until it was over. Later, she achieved her own solitary climax while viewing the inc ident as a single closed loop of memory. She had met Billy Nolan following a drug bust at a Cambridge apartment. Four students, including Chris's date for the evening had been busted for possession. Chris and the other girls were charged with being present there. Her father took care of it with quiet efficiency, and asked her if she knew what would happen to his image and his practice if his daughter was taken up on a drug charge. She told him that she doubted if anything could hurt either one, and he took her car away.

buy custom The History of Computer Music essay

buy custom The History of Computer Music essay Lannis Xenakis was born in May 1922 in Braila, Romania. His parents returned to Greece in 1932, where he studied engineering and architecture in Athens. He participated in wartime resistance during the World War II as a member of the students body in 1940s. He sustained serious face injuries during the war that resulted to loss of eyesight in one of his eyes. Xenakis was denounced as a communist after the war for his involvement and was sentenced to death. Fearing for his life, he fled to Greece in 1947 under a false passport and joined Le Corbusiers architectural team in Paris (Varga, 1997, pp 14-21). Xenakis later studied music composition in Paris with Olivier Messiaen, Darius Milhaud and Arthur Honegger. His greatest contribution to music was pioneering electronic and computer music, and his stochastic mathematical and architectural techniques in his music, such as probability, game theory, Boolean algebra and group theory. In 1962, Xenakis published Musique Formelles, which was later revised, expanded and translated in to formalized music. In 1966, he founded the Center for Automatic and Mathematical Music in Paris and also set up a similar center in Indiana University. In 1971, he composed Thought and Mathematics, a collection of essays on his ideas, music and composition techniques. He also delivered free public lectures at Gresham College in London from 1975 to 1978, where he was professor of music. Dr. Dre Andre Romelle Young was born in February 1965 in Compton, California and is mostly known by his stage name Dr. Dre. He is an American rap artist, record producer, entrepreneur and occasional actor. His academic performance was poor in high school, which made him shift his focus into music and entertainment. He began his DJ career in high school, and in 1982, he formed World Class Wreckin Cru. The crew first released its first independent album in 1982 (Beckman and Adler, 1991). He graduated from high school in 1983 and refused to work in another field. He left wreckin Cru in 1984 and later joined N.W.A. in 1985, where he released three albums. The group produced eight records for Ruthless records. Their group was surrounded by controversy, and they believed it only assisted them to sell. The controversy brought them a lot of attention and Dre left Ruthless later in 1991 (Kenyatta, 2001, pp 34-45). Dre co-founded Death Rows Records in 1991 with Suge Knight. His career as a rap artist continued to succeed, and he got into music video business behind the scenes. He got into serious trouble with police severally during this period and even got arrested on assault charges. In 1994, he got into serious trouble and since he had broken his 1993 probation, he received an eight-month jail term. Dre left Death Row after feeling distracted from his music due to the constant trouble the group got involved in occasionally (Kenyatta, 2001, p 78). Xenakis Music The musical materials of Iannis Xenakis draw their inspiration from ancient music and architecture and his landscape is emotionally shaded by his turbulent past experiences. According to him, Metastasis was inspired by the impressions gained during the Greek Nazi War, but not by music. He influenced music as a composer by using past times, as explained by his sentiments on living in the 20th century. He also demonstrated strong interest in mathematical and formal procedures in music. He embraced the technological and scientific advances of his times and introduced many related ideas in his works. His contribution in electro acoustic music was an important step towards a thorough investigation of various possibilities in the composition of music. According to Varga (1997, p 112), Xenakis wanted to create a new form of abstract art using light and sound spectacles in which the visual and the musical part would be organized with the application of common notions and techniques. Xenakis delivered his experience in the composition of music and mathematics in organizing and controlling the whole spectacle. According to Xenakis (1992, p 182), Composing with sounds for the ear leads us to compose with light for the eyes. The laser beam and the electronic flash are the equivalents of beautiful sounds. To make them gleam in space is to create music for the eyes The music for the eyes is created with concepts and procedures stemming from musical composition. Xenakis began interrelating issues he encountered in architecture to music composition, since his arrival in Paris when he was working in association with Le Corbusier. His common approach to architecture and music can be seen in the design of the Philips Pavilion in 1958. He used ideas and solutions he applied in the orchestral composition, Metastasis. The use of paraboloids and the form of the Pavilion originated from the surfaces that formed the string glissandi of Metastasis (Xenakis, 1992, p 10). He observed the similarities between the architectural and musical space, and saw the multidimensional character of music instead of the three-dimensional character of architecture. This attitude led him to organize the audio and visual part of the Plytopes, where he handled sound and light as architectural elements. Statistics Xenakis found many natural events attractive, such as the waves crashing on the cliffs. He observed that the sound consists of many individual sounds perceived as one unified sound. He sought to analyze these natural events and utilize them in the compositional process. Modern Physics Xenakis delivered new physics ideas in his musical composition. He introduced in his music concepts such s the theory of relativity by Lorenz- Fitzerald and the theory of quantum mechanics by Max Planck (Xenakis, 1992, pp 255-67). Stochastic Music Xenakis named his music Stochastic from utilizing statistical methods in his compositions. He felt a need to introduce scientific ideas and mathematics into composition. Xenakis first used mathematical processes in Pithoprakta (1955-56) for string orchestra, where certain passages contain particular linear glissandi with a distinct part for every player, with equal numbers of glissandi heading upwards in pitch as downwards at a given time instant, and the speeds of glissandi following a normal distribution. Pitches are treated as particles in this way, with the speed of the glissandi representing their temperature and their direction movement, and these demonstrations appeared in Metastasis. However, mathematics is only employed in isolation (Varga, 1997, p 98). According to Salbert (1997, 37), Xenakis seemed to have replaced the concept of rhythm with density. He then developed this idea in Achorripsis (1956-57), where musical sounds are arranged into various timbres and the frequency in which they occur and the density of sounds at a given instant are subjected to a Poisson distribution. The composition is into time bands of equal length in order to make the calculations possible, the outcome of which is to divide the music into cells. Xenakis then applied the working of Pithoprakta within each string of glissando cell, the sonic density being the square of the mean speed of glissandi. Griffiths (1978, pp 19-30) also shares this view, proposing that the composer was interested in the concept of minimal constraints in music. Stochastic procedures have the capacity to carry a lot of data as was the case of Xenakis cloud of sounds. Eletroacoustic Music Xenakis was influenced to get involved with the electronic medium by the work of the French composer Edgard Varese and the experiments on sound and philosophy of Italian futurism. He officially composed sixteen electro acoustic works between 1957 and 1994 (Salabert, 1997, p 29). His works can be classified into three categories that also define the three periods in his compositional career (Solomos Hoffman, 1998, pp 53-69). Between 1955 and 1977, Xenakis applied tape manipulation techniques to his electro acoustic music and used both concrete and synthesized sounds. In the second period, between 1978 and 1989, he utilized the UPIC system developed in CEMAMu. During this period, he composed four works with the UPIC system. The third period is defined by the utilization of the GENDY program, which he used to investigate stochastic waveform synthesis. He used this program to compose two works. Xenakis applied various techniques mainly tape-machine manipulations. The character of sound is altered by tape speed changes, raising or lowering pitch. Using a slider or a keyboard, he could experiment with controlling the tape speed. By making use of these equipment, he could control the tape play back in real-time by applying discrete, pre-adjusted speed changes similar to the keyboard or continuous speed changes just like in a slider. The composer could also alter the character of the sound by playing the tape backwards, where the sound could be heard in reverse. The composer used group theory in the passages to structure his materials, as is the case in Tetora, which he did in 1990 using the theory in conjunction with his sieve theory (Varga, 1997, p 42). In Duel and Linaia-Agon, game theory is used to play a set of textures. He employed set theory in Herma (1961) to generate musical material. Xenakis later proposed the use of computer in sound synthesis conceptually based on granular synthesis and the theories of quantum mechanics by Planck and Albert. Granular synthesis is based on the discontinuous nature of the hearing system. The UPIC System UPC is a computer based music composition and sound production system. The UPIC system is made up of a real-time unit, which handles sound synthesis and playback, a host computer and an optional digital graphic board. The various aspects of a composition are described using graphical notation. The graphical tablet or a computer mouse can help in describing music from its tiniest micro level detail to its whole structure (Solomos Hoffman, 1998, pp 19-23). Using this system, the user can graphically describe all the levels of the music with the aid of an electronic tablet and listen to the outcome in real-time. It was developed at CEMAMu, and has been used by many composers in their work. Xenakis used the system in composing four electro acoustic works, one4 being Xenakis Mycenae Alpha in 1978, a result of light and sound spectacle using the UPIC system at CEMAMu. The music was first performed in Mycenae, Greece. The system derived from his architectural background as well as from the needs of his compositions, its conceptual basis being transferring the graphical description of the music into sound. As a result of his dedicated work towards developing music, Xenakis has not only influenced different composers, but some have also declared a debt to his compositional innovations. Some continue to display an understanding of the various facets of his compositional theories and applications (Solomos Hoffman, 1998, p 75). These include Julio Estrada, Krzyszt of Penderecki and Toru Takemitsu. Though their styles differ widely as well as their master, their music continues to enrich the legacy of Xenakis. Similarities between Xenakis and Dres Music Styles Dr. Dre used sampling in his earlier years in music, whiich is achieved by taking a portion of one song and reusing it in a different song. Musicians working with musique concrete and electro acoustic music originally used it. They physically manipulated tape loops on a polygraph. Sampling was often used with the rise of electronic music in the music industry. It is very similar to the synthesizing technique used by Xenakis. Sampling is done with a sampler, more often a computer program. The use of computers was pioneered by Xenakis and has been used by musicians afterwards like Dre Dre (Schloss, 2004, p 66). Dr. Dres Successes in Music Dr. Dre received a Grammy Award for the best rap solo performance in 1994. By August the same year, the rap albums he had produced had sold close to 28 million copies. Dre joined Jimmy Iovine to form his own label, Aftermath Entertainment. The period between 1996 and 1999 was a drawback, mainly due to the record label differences. However, he strongly came back in 1999 when he joined Eminem in producing The Marshall Mathers LP and he garnered Grammy Awards for the Producer of the Year and Best Performance for the single Forgot About Dre (Kenyatta, 2001, p 36). Dr. Dre released his second solo album 2001 in 1999, which was considered as a great return to his gangsta rap roots. The album was featured in collaboration with many artists including snoop Dogg and Eminem. The album was considered very successful and charted at number two in Billboard 200 charts and has been certified platinum six times since then (Edwards, 2001, par). After the success of 2001, Dre focused on production work for other artists. The co-produced Marshall Mathers LP was landmark and won the Grammy Award for the best album, including the Grammy-winning lead single The Real Slim Shady. The album proved to be the best selling rap album of all time, selling 1.76 million pieces in its first week alone. He also produced several singles for several artists, including Family Affair by Mary Blige, Let Me Blow Ya Mind by Eve and No Doubt by Gwen Stefan. The Aftermath label continued the success trend on the release of Get Rich or Die Tryin, the 2003 major album by Queens, rapper 50 Cent based in New York. Dre co-produced four tracks on the album. He also became the executive producer of Eminems fourth album after joining Aftermath (Edwards, 2001, par). Film Industry Dre made his first appearance on screen in 1996 in the bank robbery movie, Set It Off where he acted as a weapon dealer. He also appeared in the movies Training Day and The Wash and his song Bad Intentions featured in The Wash soundtrack. Dr. Dre got into the film industry feeling that he had directed many music videos and he wanted to get into directing. Dre also produced his brand headphones Beats Dr. Dre in July 2008. Music Styles Dr. Dre uses the Akai MPC3000 as his primary studio, a drum machine and sampler that he uses four or five times to produce a single recording. He prefers to have studio musicians re-play music he verses wants to use, trying to avoid samples. This proves more flexible allowing him to change the pieces in rhythm and tempo (Scholls, 2004, p 49). The other instrument he uses is the E-MU SP-1200 drum machine and keyboards. He also gets other people to play instruments for him and he tells them what he wants, soloing them when he hears something, he particularly likes. Dre worked with producer Mel-Man as a co-producer after founding Aftermath Entertainment and his music became more synthesizer-based sound by using fewer vocal samples. Mel-Man was credited as the key architect of the signature Aftermath sound. Dr. Dre has managed to maintain his astounding performance because he is a perfectionist. Their attributes with Eminen have managed to keep Aftermath a success. He gives a lot of attention to delivery of vocals, and he is known to stop an MC if he doesnt like the output. However, he allows his MCs time to write their lyrics without much supervision unless he needs to offer a conceptual background. Co-Producers and Collaborators Dr. Dre has worked with other collaborators over the years of his work. During his stay at Death Rows, it is believed that he worked with his stepbrother and Daz, though most of their contributions were uncredited. Scott Storch, who is also a successful producer, has been credited severally as a songwriter on several tracks. Ghost Writers Though he retains overall control over his lyrics and the themes of his songs, others write Dr. Dres raps. In the songs he has produced, there is often contribution of many people, as it can be observed from his credits. While he is doing production work, others handle ghostwriting his lyrics. Eminem and Royce 5 9 are some of the artists who have ghostwritten his music. However, he maintained creative control over the content of his verse (Ira, 1991, p 78). He is fairly mainly a conductor rather than a fully fledged producer some of his times. His work has been achieved through team effort and the fact that he is humble to credits others has made him more successful. Dr. Dre earned about US$52 million after selling part of his share of Aftermath Entertainment to Interscope records and production of some of his hit songs such as Family Affair by Mary Blige. He was thus named the second highest paid artist of the year. Dr. Dre has continued to succeed from his music, both monetary and respect wise, especially after establishing Aftermath entertainment. He has gone on to win many awards and recognition and remains one of the most respected musicians in the modern music industry. Buy custom The History of Computer Music essay